View source for ccTLD

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<dfn>ccTLD</dfn> is an abbreviation for <dfn>country code top-level domain</dfn>, a [[top-level-domain]] that is specific to a particular country, thus governed by its additional laws, and often more restrictive and/or fragile than non-country-specific domains; used by some in the IndieWeb community for [[short-domain]]s.

== Domains ==
=== af ===
.af is the [[wikipedia:en:.af|ccTLD for Afghanistan]].

{{warning|avoid registering .af domains as there is a bad track record of [[domain loss]]}}

Former uses of .af:
* <nowiki>black.af</nowiki>
* <nowiki>queer.af</nowiki> — <nowiki>https://queer.af/@postmaster/111733741786950083</nowiki><blockquote>"queer.af shutdown<br/>TL;DR: Queer.AF will be close on 2024-04-12"<br/>[…]</blockquote>
** site down and all permalinks dead / poor archival due to Mastodon v4+ [[js;dr]], e.g. https://web.archive.org/web/20240112165635/https://queer.af/@postmaster/111733741786950083 — you have to View Source to dig up the post content in a meta tag

=== as ===
.as is the [[wikipedia:en:.as|ccTLD for American Samoa]].

No IndieWeb folks are using .as short URLs.

Projects that support some IndieWeb [[building blocks]]:
* [[write.as]]

=== cx ===
.cx is the [[wikipedia:en:.cx|ccTLD for Christmas Island]].

At one time it was very popular due to the domain being free for FOSS projects, and also being among the first to allow private registrations. However, one notorious [[wikipedia:en:Shock_site|shock site]] formed an unfortunate association in many Internet users' minds, and the shock site in question eventually led the registrar to apply censorship to the ccTLD as a whole, forbidding any content they considered to be sexual or obscene in nature.

IndieWeb users of .cx:

* {{beesbuzz.biz}} (formerly)

=== es ===
.es is the [[wikipedia:en:.es|ccTLD for Spain]] ('''Es'''paña).
Spain is one of several nations that issue digital personal identifiers to citizens ([[wikipedia:en:Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)|eDNI]]), and it is required to create a new domain. However, a Spanish citizen can transfer an existing domain to a noncitizen if that noncitizen can produce photo-ID from their own nation.
Can be useful for domain hacks. See: [[wiktionary:en:Category:English words suffixed with -es]].

IndieWeb folks using .es short URLs:

* {{arlo}}: arn.es (to be used for b.arn.es, arlo.james.b.arnes, arloj[U+40 COMMERCIAL AT]mesb.arn.es where 'mesb' obviously stands for "message board"... ;P [edit: I went with mes.b instead]), purchased for 100EUR from a friendly Spanish one-person-show domain broker.

=== eu ===
.eu is the [[wikipedia:en:.eu|ccTLD for the European Union]].

Registration is extremely cheap with many providers, however, those are usually only for the first year and is open for organisations and residents of EU member states.

Even though there are millions registered .eu domain, it's still awkward to tell people you have a website ending in .eu; it seems like the general public is either unaware of it's existence or they simply don't expect a personal site to be on a .eu domain. ''(Based on personal experience in Hungary and in the UK. -- {{petermolnar}} )''

* Brexit oops loss of .eu domains: https://twitter.com/dassurma/status/1348758505348595722
** "I lost access to a .eu domain i have because I used my UK address for the contact information. Apparently, since Jan 1st, UK citizens are not eligible for .eu domains anymore because #brexit.<br><br>🤦‍♂️🤦‍♂️🤦‍♂️🤦‍♂️🤦‍♂️" [https://surma.dev @DasSurma] January 11, 2021

Past Examples:
* {{tonz}} - <nowiki>https://tzyl.eu</nowiki> redirects to default host index page as early as 2021-04-29.

=== gs ===
.gs is the [[wikipedia:en:.gs|ccTLD for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]].

There are no known content restrictions on .gs domains, and the [[wikipedia:en:South Georgia|South Georgia]] and the South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) is a British overseas territory, thus we can consider it as stable as .uk domains.

IndieWeb folks using .gs short URLs:
* Jason Grigsby: http://gri.gs/

=== gy ===
.gy is the [[wikipedia:en:.gy|ccTLD for Guyana]].

IndieWeb uses of .gy short URLs:
* [[Bridgy]] proxy: http://brid.gy/

=== hr ===
.hr is the [[wikipedia:en:.hr|ccTLD for Croatia]], and controlled by CARNet, the academic and research network of Croatia.[https://indiewebcamp.com/irc/2015-11-28/line/1448756662980]

* https://www.dns.hr/portal/register

Croatian private citizens could use their ID number (OIB) to register a single free .from.hr domain containing their full name. Free WordPress hosting was also offered, but as it doesn't allow installing or enabling any plugins, it was currently unsuitable for IndieWeb. Businesses could likewise register a single free .hr domain, provided it contains the registered name of the business or an abbreviation thereof.

Previously:
* A beginner-friendly guide through the (fairly obvious) process could be found at for sometime at:
** <nowiki>https://from.hr</nowiki> (unknown when it died, needs Internet Archive link for last known valid content)
* Examples:
** <nowiki>http://damjan-novak.from.hr - stub</nowiki> — also died at some point, needs Internet Archive link

=== im ===
.im is the [[wikipedia:en:.im|ccTLD for the Isle of Man]].

IndieWeb uses of .im short URLs:
* [[User:bear.im|Bear]]: bear.im

Like .io, .im is rather expensive. The registrar is fairly easy to use but the number of resellars for .im are limited so people often use secondary nameserver services like FreeDNS to resolve their domain.

=== io ===
{{main|.io}}
[[wikipedia:en:.io|.io is the ccTLD for British Indian Ocean Territory]].

Experiences with .io?

'''⚠️ Future possibly unsure'''
* {{citation
| title = Ask HN: What happens to ".io" TLD after UK gives back the Chagos Islands?
| url = https://simonwillison.net/2024/Oct/3/what-happens-to-io-after-uk-gives-back-chagos/
| author = [https://simonwillison.net/ Simon Willison]
| published = 2024-10-03
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20241003203703/https://simonwillison.net/2024/Oct/3/what-happens-to-io-after-uk-gives-back-chagos/
}}, [[link]] post: <blockquote>It sounds like there's a very real possibility that .io could be deleted after a few years notice - it's happened before <i>[…]</i></blockquote>
** See also the [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41729526 still ongoing thread on HN].

.io is comparatively expensive ($39 on gandi.net at the time of writing), but easy to set up, and perhaps valuable as a novelty TLD for IndieWeb purposes because of IO's input/output double meaning. There are no known administrative problems establishing .io domains.

The .io TLD has been criticized for generating profits for the British government instead of the people of the Indian Ocean Territory (unlike other [[ccTLD]]s for small island nations like .me or .tv).<blockquote>"[P]rofits from the sale of each .io domain flow to the very force that expelled the Chagossian or Ilois people from their equatorial land just a generation or two ago: the British government."</blockquote>from [https://gigaom.com/2014/06/30/the-dark-side-of-io-how-the-u-k-is-making-web-domain-profits-from-a-shady-cold-war-land-deal The dark side of .io: How the U.K. is making web domain profits from a shady Cold War land deal].

IndieWeb folks using .io short URLs as their primary site:
* werd.io: Ben Werdmuller
* bret.io: Bret Comnes
* {{cleverdevil}}
** https://cleverdevil.io/pages/dot-io-supporting-chagos
as a secondary / utility site:
* p3k.io: {{aaronpk}} - and subdomains quill.p3k.io, monocle.p3k.io, but is moving these to .app domains over time, e.g. xray.p3k.app

==== io Criticism ====
* 2017-07-10 [https://thehackerblog.com/the-io-error-taking-control-of-all-io-domains-with-a-targeted-registration/ The .io Error – Taking Control of All .io Domains With a Targeted Registration]
* 2017-11-09 [https://medium.com/@tommaso_82444/stop-using-io-domain-names-for-production-traffic-46f89b1f1012 Stop Using .io Domains for Production Traffic]
* 2018-08-19 [https://cleverdevil.io/pages/dot-io-supporting-chagos Jonathan LaCour's page advocating for donations to support the Chagossian people]
* [https://www.uptimechecker.io/blog/how-domain-registrar-can-kill-your-business How domain registrar can kill your business] - problems with .io registrar
* [https://hackernoon.com/stop-using-io-domain-names-for-production-traffic-b6aa17eeac20 Global .io TLD outage] - problems with .io TLD

=== is ===
.is is the [[wikipedia:en:.is|ccTLD for Iceland]].

* <s>As of 2015 it costs $250 to renew!</s>
** In 2021 it cost me €20.90 to renew gurdy.is, and I’m not aware of it ever having cost significantly more than that. Perhaps it depends on the length of the domain, and shorter ones are more expensive? or perhaps a middleman was marking up the price? — [[User:Waterpigs.co.uk|Barnaby Walters]] ([[User talk:Waterpigs.co.uk|talk]]) 13:46, 20 May 2021 (PDT)
** $250 was a guess based on my fuzzy recollection, not sure what the actual number was, but it was exorbitant [[User:Kylewm.com|Kylewm.com]]

Past Examples:
* erinjo.is: {{erinjo}} (until late 2015)

=== ly ===
.ly is the [[wikipedia:en:.ly|ccTLD for Libya]].

.ly domains are [[wikipedia:en:.ly#Registration|subject]] to content restrictions, including but not limited to "obscene and indecent names/phrases, including words of a sexual nature" and "may not contain words/phrases or abbreviations insulting religion or politics, or be related to gambling and lottery industry or be contrary to Libyan law or Islamic morality."

The [[wikipedia:en:Libya#Government and politics|Libyan government]] is a dictatorship and "the most censored country in the Middle East and North Africa". In addition, [[wikipedia:en:2011 Libyan civil war|Libya]] is an ongoing armed civil war.

There has been at least one case of a .ly domain name seizure / shutdown based on content restrictions:
* '''vb.ly was shut down 2010 September/October'''.
** 2010-10-06 [http://techyum.com/2010/10/official-vb-ly-link-shortener-seized-by-libyan-government/ Official: vb.ly Link Shortener Seized by Libyan Government]
** 2010-10-06 [http://benmetcalfe.com/blog/2010/10/the-ly-domain-space-to-be-considered-unsafe/ The .ly domain space to be considered unsafe]

For these reasons we recommend you AVOID USING ANY/ALL .LY domains, both for your own URLs, and linking to.

Alternatives:
* bit.ly/*** — use j.mp/*** links instead

=== me ===
.me is the [[wikipedia:en:.me|ccTLD for Montenegro]].

There are no known content restrictions on .me domains, and the [[wikipedia:en:Montenegro#Government and politics|government]] of Montenegro is a democracy.

.me domains can be registered through many major domain registrars. We suggest you get a recommendation from a friend.

Thus we consider .me domains to be reasonably stable.

College and university students can get a "free" .me domain from Namecheap (one year).

IndieWeb folks using .me short URLs:
* Ben Ward: http://benward.me
* {{t}}: http://ttk.me
* {{willnorris}}: https://wjn.me
* Ethan Yoo, whose last name is pronounced like the word "you," uses https://yooand.me and https://yoois.me
* ...

=== pk ===
.pk is the [[wikipedia:en:.pk|ccTLD for Pakistan]].

There are no known content restrictions on .pk domains, and the [[wikipedia:en:Pakistan#Politics|government of Pakistan]] is a democratic parliamentary federal republic.

.pk domains can be registered directly from [http://www.pknic.net.pk/ PKNIC] for $24 per year with a minimum registration of two years.

Updating the registrant info for a domain (transferring ownership, or even just updating the address or phone number of the same registrant) requires [http://pk6.pknic.net.pk/pk5/pgHelpUnlockDomain.PK sending a notarized letter] by mail to the registrar.

IndieWeb folks using .pk short URLs:
* Aaron Parecki: http://aaron.pk/

=== re ===
.re is the [[wikipedia:en:.re|ccTLD for Réunion]] (a French island).

IndieWeb folks using .re short URLs:
* Marty McGuire: http://mmg.re (see [[#mmg.re]])
* Arne Govaerts: https://q4.re

=== ro ===
.ro is the [[wikipedia:en:.ro|ccTLD for Romania]].

There are no known content restrictions on .ro domains, and there are no registration restrictions for second-level domains. The .ro domains can be registered directly from [http://www.rotld.ro/engleza/index en.html RoTLD] for $51.26, which is a one-time fee with no annual renewal fee at present. However, there is a note on the payment page that indicates they may charge an annual fee in the future. 

<blockquote>The registration is 51,26$+VAT(24%), one-time payment. There is no yearly fee at present. When yearly fee will be introduced, you will be informed.</blockquote>

No VAT is required when payment is sent in USD. If payment is sent by wire transfer, the wire transfer fees for sending and receiving are paid by the customer. The RoTLD bank does not charge a fee to receive USD as of 2011-03.

Payment must be made by wire transfer or by faxing a copy of your credit card and photo ID to the registrar.

IndieWeb folks using .ro short URLs:
* Amber Case, for her Cyborg Anthropology website: http://anth.ro since 2011-03
** As of 2013-09, [[2013/UK/Demos#Amber|recommends against getting a .ro domain]]

=== so ===
.so is the [[wikipedia:en:.so|ccTLD for Somalia]].

Issues:
* '''$102''' / year (?!?). As of 2015-05-28, the renewal fee increased to $102 (for a year) in at least [https://twitter.com/deewu/status/603988348584210432 one instance]: <blockquote>… my .so domain. Renewal fee going from $19 to $102.</blockquote>
* '''$99''' / year. [https://iwantmyname.com iwantmyname] informed [[User:Jonnybarnes.uk|Jonny Barnes]] by email, [http://indiewebcamp.com/irc/2015-06-14/line/1434289412395 mentioned on IRC]: <blockquote>received an email recently from iwantmyname that .so domains are increasing in price from $14.99 to $99!</blockquote>
* '''2015-06-09 no more registrations'''. [https://twitter.com/deewu/status/603989592493170690 as noted]: <blockquote>No new registrations after June 9, 1 yr renewal periods afterwards, higher fees. …</blockquote>

=== tc ===
.tc is the [[wikipedia:en:.tc|ccTLD for the Turks and Caicos Islands]].

This TLD is going through pricing turmoil, raising prices from $50 to $120 per year in some cases.  The new manager of the registrar, [http://meridiantld.net/pricing/ Meridian TLD], is offering current domain owners a domain transfer and a year renewal for $44 USD, effectively forcing domain owners to change registrars.  More information on this racket can be found on the [https://iwantmyname.com/blog/2012/08/3-easy-steps-to-ruin-the-reputation-of-a-countrys-domain-extension.html iwantmyname.com blog.

Past Examples:
* <strike>Bret: http://bre.tc - I do not recommend this tld.  It has been nothing but pain and agony.</strike> using .io now.

=== to ===
.to is the [[wikipedia:en:.to|ccTLD for the island nation of Tonga]].

This one is very commonly used by tech companies as part of a "domain hack," as being a transitive verb it can form part of many English phrases.

Its use has become so pervasive in tech that it's uncommon for anyone to even associate .to with the nation of Tonga.

=== tv ===
.tv is the [[wikipedia:en:.tv|ccTLD for nation of Tuvalu]].

This one is very commonly used for television or [[video]] sites. 
Its use has become so popular that it's a significant source of revenue 
for the nation of Tuvalu.

IndieWeb folks using .tv short URLs: 
* {{aaronpk}} runs a video-focused site at https://aaronpk.tv/

=== uk ===
.uk is the [[wikipedia:en:.uk|ccTLD for the United Kingdom]].

Originally Nominet UK only allowed domains to be registered under certain subdomains, such as co.uk or org.uk. They have recently opened up the top-level domain itself. There is a potential difficulty in registering short domains though as people who have already registered the .co.uk variant get priority I believe.

'''Note''' The registrar requires that your WHOIS mailing address be a valid UK address, for details see [http://www.nominet.org.uk/uk-domain-names/registering-uk-domain/choosing-domain-name/rules section 7.

=== us ===
.us is the [[wikipedia:en:.us|ccTLD for the United States]].

Registration is cheap, a couple dollars less than than .com. Registrants must be US citizens/organizations or foreign entities with a US presence. Aside from the registrant requirements...there are few controversies with .us compared to country based tlds.

Unlike most ccTLDs, .us does not allow anonymous or proxy registrations, which is a potential privacy issue for some.

IndieWeb folks using .us short URLs: 
* {{gwg}} uses di5.us as a short redirect for his main site, david.shanske.com, and runs projects on gwg.us
* {{colintedford}} uses cted.us as a short redirect for his main site, colintedford.com.
* {{beesbuzz.biz}} uses a number of .us domains for various purposes (sockpuppet.us, e-snail.us)

== Criticism ==
=== Avoid Domains ===
==== af ====
* https://queer.af/@postmaster/111733741786950083

=== Greater content restriction ===
* More restrictive content — some ccTLDs have content restrictions specific to that country
=== Harder to register ===
* Harder to acquire — some ccTLDs only allow residents and/or citizens of the specific country to register them
=== Appropriative ===
* Appropriative — oftentimes these domain names are registered by people who want a cute/meaningful "domain hack" without any association with its respective country or cultural context, and many of them have been taken from unprivileged nations with no benefit to them
=== Funds values-misaligned entities ===
* Likewise, some of the domain registration fees funnel funds into oppressive regimes
* ...

== See Also ==
* [[short-domain]]
* [[top-level-domain]]
* 2022-04-05 [https://astrid.tech/2022/04/05/1/dead-tlds/ What happens to TLDs when their country stops existing?]
* Criticism: [http://beesbuzz.biz/blog/9837-An-open-letter-to-the-us-domain-registrar An open letter to the .us domain registrar]
* https://queer.af/@postmaster/111733741786950083
** "queer.af shutdownTL;DR: Queer.AF will be close on 2024-04-12In July 2018, me and three friends were chatting in my flat in London. One of them mentioned that they had a fun domain they had no idea what to do with. That domain, of course, is queer.af, and the rest, as they say, is history. We invited our friends and let them invite their friends, and that's how things have operated here ever since.Since the fall of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in 2021, that fate of that domain has fallen into question; until late last year, the .af registry had effectively ceased to exist, leaving everything in a state of limbo. The Council of Country Code Administrators (CoCCA), who were contracted to operate the TLD, continued to operate things as-is, although eventually turned off all operations but automatic renewals.More recently, however, the registry has begun to operate again. Unfortunately, this is not really good news: this means it is now under the control of the Taliban government of Afghanistan. From a practical perspective, this means that the present government has a desire to exert control over the country's top level domain, and from an ethical and legal perspective this means that domain-related fees are now directed to the Taliban. As an additional complication, the registry operators have wiped the existing list of  accredited registrars and replaced them with 21 new organizations.In light of this, the queer.af domain name (which expires on the 13th of April) will not be renewed. Because fediverse software does not support domain migrations, the queer.af instance must therefore close as a consequence.TimelneNow: User registration has been completely disabled.2024-04-12: The instance will be instructed to self destruct (sending delete activities for all accounts to all known instances)An archive of the database and user media will be retained for at least a further 3 months in order to support user exports. It will be deleted by 2025-04-12 at the latest.Questions and AnswersWhat actions should I take? Please take the following three months to setup an account on another instance and migrate, and to export all of your posts and following lists.Will there be a successor instance? Maybe. I haven't reached a decision as to whether to run a new multi-user instance or retire to a single user instance yet. It is likely that if I start a successor instance, it will be running software other than Mastodon; the software landscape has changed since 2018. If I do start one, every queer.af user will receive an invite.Any other plans? One project I've been contemplating for 2024 is offering managed instance hosting to friends, open source projects, and similar. If you're a user of queer.af or a friend who would be interested in that (and in particular in beta-testing it), drop me a message.Finally, thank you to every user of queer.af, past and present, for being here. You've been a wonderful userbase, and it has been (almost all of the time) a pleasure to be your host-- @erincandescent" [https://queer.af/@postmaster @postmaster] January 10, 2024